Nursing Test on Professional Adjustment, Leadership & Management, Ethics and Research

Keyword: BORN TO BE A LEADER Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership • Great-Man theory – born as a leader • Trait theory – develop characteristics or born with the characteristics o 3 traits of a leader • P – personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt • I – intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication) • A – ability – (influence others, respect others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching • Charismatic theory – becomes a leader because of the charm • Situational theory/case to case basis o a person can be a leader in one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)

Keyword: LOOSE Rationale: Permissive, ultra-liberal, laissez faire, free-rein o Loose style of nursing leadership. o Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence

Keyword: LEAST LIKELY Rationale: Responsibility can be delegated by a team leader but not the accountability. Command responsibility or Respondent Superior states the master or the superior answers for the negligence of his subordinates in half of his patient who suffer from injury or death.

Keyword: COMES BETWEEN Rationale: Kinds of variable • Independent variable - use this to stimulate a target population • Dependent variable/Effectual variable - results of the effects of the study • Intervening Variable - Comes between dependent and independent o Example: orghanism variable, internal factor, sex, gender, color • Extraneous Variable - External infuences that can be changed o Example: citizenship, educational status • Dichotomous Variable - 2 choices/ 2 results o Example: Male/ Female • Polychotomous Variable - Multiple choices o Example: Preferred foods – Chinese, Japanese, American. . . . .

Keyword: GENERATE HUNCHES; TESTED IN THE REAL WORLD Rationale: Deductive reasoning works from a generalization or theory to a specific observation (tested in the real world). Quantitative research uses deductive reasoning to generate hunches that are tested in the real world.

Keyword: OBTAIN KNOWLEDGE Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions: Ontologic: “What is the nature of reality?” Epistemologic: “What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied?” Axiologic: “What is the role of values in the inquiry?” Methodologic: “How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?” (Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Polit and Beck)

Keyword: APPOINTMENT Rationale: Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position

Keyword: DO NOT Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem  general applicability and use  Researchable  Feasible and measurable  Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population  importance to nursing profession  novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission)  significance to nursing

Keyword: TELLING THE TRUTH Rationale: Ethical Principles o Principle of Autonomy  independent judgment or decision making  in all situation the pt himself is the one who should decide for his own care  Consent • respect the decision of the pt • explain the risk to the patient/SO • waiver - a legal doc when the pt refuse for treatment. o Principle of Veracity  telling the truth to the patient  #1 the patient has the right to know from the PHYSICIAN (not the nurse) o Principle of Double Effects  if the pt is made to choose between 2 equal danger and he only needs to choose one, choose the one that will produce one good effect and less evil effect. o Principle of Beneficence  doing good to the patient (eg. providing therapeutic communication, providing privacy) o Principle of Non-Maleficence  do no harm  3 types of Harm • Physical – negligence by commission • Mental – assault and battery • Moral – slander and libel o Principle of Justice  Prioritize the needs of the patient.  To be able to provide nursing care to the patient, provide the nursing process.  Nursing Process characteristics : • A – acceptable universally • B - based patients assessment needs • C – client focused • D – dynamics – base on the ever changing needs of the pt • E – equitable care • F – familiarity/rapport to the patient • G – goal directed towards solving the assess needs of the patient (SMART) o Principle of Respect/Inviolability of life  Suicide and abortion is violation of this principle

Keyword: NOT INCLUDED Rationale: Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory  Elements o choosing the appropriate person (TAO) o choosing the appropriate team o choosing the appropriate training o choosing the appropriate tools

Keyword: NO DEPOSIT POLICY Rationale: a. RA 7305 – magna carta law b. RA 7160 – local government code c. PD 825 – environmental sanitation law of the Phils d. RA 8344 - No deposit policy during emergency cases only

Keyword: EXCEPT Rationale: Characteristics of a research problem  general applicability and use  Researchable  Feasible and measurable  Factors of a feasible research : time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population  importance to nursing profession  novelty/originality (Plagiarism/illegal replication – unauthorized use of another’s literary work without any consent or permission)  significance to nursing

Keyword: CHARM Rationale: Theories of Nursing Leadership • Great-Man theory – born as a leader • Trait theory – develop characteristics or born with the characteristics o 3 traits of a leader • P – personality (adaptability, independence, creative/assertive, advocate) ability to adjust to the need of the pt • I – intelligence (proper judgment, proper decision making, proper communication) • A – ability – (influence others, respect others, participate and cooperate) Proper way to influence is thru health teaching • Charismatic theory – becomes a leader because of the charm • Situational theory/case to case basis o a person can be a leader in one situation but only a follower in another situation. (eg. becomes a leader in where he specializes)

Keyword: INVOLVES Rationale: attributes of a good leader 1. Self awareness 2. Self confidence 3. Advocacy 4. Accountability

Keyword: MORE RISK OF NEGLIGENCE Rationale: Giving excess freedom or liberality towards your subordinates if to lenient in your subordinates, there will be ↓ control and power = ↑ negligence

Keyword: CHARISMA AND CHARM Rationale: 5 Powers of a Good Leader • Legitimate/ Formal/ exclusive Power o Exercise because you are appointed to a higher position • Expert Power o You acquire extra – ordinary skills, talent or ability • Referent Power o Charisma and charm • Reward Power o + power for the part of the leader o gives rewards, bonus, promotion, compensation • Coercive Power o – power on the part of the leader o reprimand, suspend, terminate

Keyword: BEST DURING EMERGENCY OR INTESIVE CRISIS Rationale: Autocratic style is leadership is best style during emergency or intensive crisis.

Keyword: RELATIONSHIP Rationale: Paradigm is a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions: Ontologic: “What is the nature of reality?” Epistemologic: “What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied?” Axiologic: “What is the role of values in the inquiry?” Methodologic: “How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?” (Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Polit and Beck)

Keyword: GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP Rationale: Human Relations theory – to be a good manager, there should be a good interpersonal relationship between the leader and follower Douglas Mc Gregor’s Motivational theory  Theory X o Negative workers o negligence, inefficient, ineffective workers  Theory Y o Positive workers o diligent, effective, efficient worker  theory X should be given focus because they are prone to negligence and malpractice. Max Weber’s Bureaucratic/ authoritarian Theory  whoever is on the top would perform the management function  centralized Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory  Elements o choosing the appropriate person (TAO) o choosing the appropriate team o choosing the appropriate training o choosing the appropriate tools

Keyword: DO NOT Rationale: Characteristics of a Good Research  Systematic - conduct research in a step by step process or procedure  Empirical - objective data should be observable/measurable or readily collected using your senses  Controlled/ manipulated - Methods/tool of controlling is research design  Critical investigation/fact finding investigation - In order to answer the data is by using facts. Looking for human beings who can give us facts

Keyword: STATEMENT OF THE FUTURE PURPOSE Rationale:  Mission – present reason when established your organization  Vision - statement of your future purpose of your future organization  Philosophy – set of values and beliefs of your organization  Goal – general statement of your purpose  Objectives – more specific statement of your purpose

Keyword: GUIDE NURSING PRACTICE Rationale: Clinical Nursing Research is a research designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurses’ clients. A) Nursing research is a systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. B) Correct answer C) Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. (Source: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods by Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck)

Keyword: INDUCTIVE FORM Rationale: inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. A) Separation anxiety is common in children (generalization/theory). Children whose parents are not in the hospital room manifest anxious behavior (specific observation). = deductive reasoning B) Most patients are irritable (specific observation). Unpredictable moods and irritability behaviors of patients are caused by their underlying illnesses that alter their activities of daily living (generalization/theory). = inductive reasoning C) Mild anxiety sharpens one’s perception and cognitive function (generalization/theory). Most students who take examination with mild anxiety have high scores (specific observation). = deductive reasoning

Keyword: EXCEPT Rationale: Sources of a research problem are the following: (C-L-I-E-N-T) C – Concepts L – Literature, essays, books, journals I – Issues E – Experiences N – Nursing problems T – Theories

Keyword: CONSISTENT, COMPELS, PERFORMS DECISION MAKING WITHOUT ASKING Rationale: Autocratic/Authoritarian/dictatorial/”hard” leader - unilateral style of leadership. Only the leader here performs the decision making without getting the inputs from his members. One sided style of leadership Behavior : A – apathy – insensitive to others B – Boisterous speech C – consistency D – Dominating E – Exploitative behavior F – ferocious behavior, to coerce or compel the group to follow him