Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test

Diffusion is the process by which molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed. Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy ATP that drives the transport process.

A phagocytic cell or macrophages are cells that crawl through tissue to reach infection sites. Epithelial cells are the ones that cover and lines body organs. Fibroblast connects body parts while nerve cells or neurons are for gathering information and controlling body function.

a. Solutes – tiny components present in small amounts. b. Solvent – the substance present in the largest amount. c. Solution - A homogeneous mixture of two or more components d. Interstitial fluid – the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of the cells.

The gene-containing nucleus acts as the control center for cells. It is the specific part of the cell where the DNA is found. Nucleoli, chromatin and chromosome are all found inside the nucleus.

Cytoplasm is the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. a. Nucleoli - dark-staining, round bodies in the nucleus. b. Chromatin – loose network of bumpy threads that is scattered throughout the nucleus. c. Cytoplasm d. Plasma membrane - (or cell membrane) contains all cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.

Plasma membrane (or cell membrane) contains all cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. a. Nuclear membrane – a double membrane barrier that binds the nucleus b. Cytoplasm – the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. c. Nucleoli – dark-staining, round bodies in the nucleus.

a. Gap junctions – commonly seen in the heart and embryonic cells that functions mainly to allow communication. b. Desosomes – anchoring junctions that prevent the skin cells from pulling apart during a mechanical stress c. Tight junctions – impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells. d. Microvilli – tiny fingerlike projections that increases the cell’s surface area for absorption.

The plasma membrane is a selective permeable barrier. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy ATP that drives the transport process. Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.

A frontal section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

a. Frontal section – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts b. Sagittal section – divides the body into right and left parts c. Coronal section – other term for frontal section d. Cross section – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Left lumbar lies beside the umbilical area. Left hypochondriac lies beside the epigastric region. Left iliac region is located at the left side of the hypogastric region.

When a section is made along a horizontal plane (transverse section) the body is divided into superior and inferior parts. If a sagittal section is done (lengthwise/longitudinal plane) the body is divided into right and left parts. A frontal section is a cut made along a lengthwise plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.

a. Sural - the posterior surface of the lower leg b. Olecranal – posterior surface of the elbow c. Crucal – anterior leg area/region d. Fibular – lateral part of the leg

a. Effector – produces the response b. Receptor – responds to environmental change c. Control center – assesses the changes present d. Stimuli – the change itself

a. Posterior knee area – popliteal b. Hip area – coxal c. Thigh area – femoral d. Point of shoulder – acromial

Right iliac region is located at the right side of the hypogastric region. Right hypochondriac lies beside the epigastric region while the right lumbar lies beside the umbilical area.

The knee is distal (farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk) to the thigh. Proximal means closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Ventral means anterior or toward or at the front of a body. Dorsal means posterior or toward or at the backside of the body.

a. Solutes – tiny components present in small amounts. b. Solvent – the substance present in the largest amount. c. Solution - A homogeneous mixture of two or more components d. Interstitial fluid – the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of the cells.

a. Popliteal – posterior knee area b. Patellar – anterior knee c. Antecubital – anterior surface of the elbow d. Tarsal – ankle region

Filtration is the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure. Diffusion is the process by which molecules are moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to become evenly distributed. Passive transport processes substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell. In active transport processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy ATP that drives the transport process.

A correct anatomical position is similar to a “standing at attention” but is less comfortable because the palms held unnaturally forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

Dorsal (posterior) body cavities are well protected by bones and consist of the cranial and spinal cavities. Ventral cavities are less protected and consist of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Survival needs include water, food, oxygen, appropriate temperature, atmospheric pressure. Because of the word “apart from” the correct answer is letter D. (Source: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Marieb 8th Ed. P 9)

a. Caudal – inferior; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body. b. Distal - farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk c. Proximal – closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. d. Lateral - pointing away from the midline of the body

a. Posterior surface of the lower leg - sural b. Posterior surface of the elbow - olecranal c. Anterior leg area - crural d. Lateral part of the leg – fibular