Layers of Meninges
Overview Brain and spinal cord protection is made possible by enclosing these structures within bones such as the skull and the verterbrae, presence of the CSF that creates a watery...
Category: Anatomy and Physiology
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The cranial nerve is a part of the peripheral nervous system and primarily serves the head and the neck. There are about 12 pairs of cranial nerves where...
Anatomy and Physiology of Respiratory System
Overview Cells in the body require oxygen to survive. Vital functions of the body are carried out as the body is continuously supplied with oxygen. Without the respiratory system exchange...
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear and colorless fluid. It is a watery broth similar in its makeup to blood plasma, from which it forms. The cerebrospinal fluid is...
Anatomy and Physiology: Special Senses – The EYES
Overview A person’s sense of sight is very important to humans. Vision is arguably the most used of the 5 senses and is one of the primary means that we...
Anatomy and Physiology: Special Senses – The EAR
Overview Hearing is one of the major senses and like vision is important for distant warning and communication. It can be used to alert, to communicate pleasure and fear. It...
Anatomy and Physiology: Special Senses – TASTE and SMELL
Overview The nose has two primary functions. The first is olfaction – the sense of smell. However, the second function is of primary interest to this discussion – filtration, heating...
Anatomy and Physiology: Nervous System
Overview Maya is walking and is about to cross the street. However, she saw the red light just ahead for the pedestrian crossing. She waited until the light for crossing...
Anatomy and Physiology: Muscular System
Muscles – “machines” of the body Muscle make up nearly half the body’s mass. The essential function of muscle is contraction or shortening. This unique characteristic sets muscle apart from...
The Integumentary System (SKIN)
Definition The cutaneous membrane also called the skin serves coats the body externally. The skin and its derivatives such as the sweat and oil glands, hair and nails are generally...
