Developmental Theories

Theorists consider that emotional, social, cognitive and moral skills develop in stages.

1. Psychosocial – Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is most widely used. At each stage, children confront a crisis that requires the integration of personal needs and skills with social and cultural expectations. Each stage has two possible components, favorable and unfavorable.
2. Psychosexual – Sigmund Freud considered sexual instincts to be significant in the development of personality. At each stage, regions of the body assume prominent psychologic significance as source of pleasure.
3. Cognitive – Jean Piaget proposed four major stages of development for logical thinking. Each stage arises from and builds on the previous stage in an orderly fashion.
4. Moral – Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is based on cognitive development and consists of three major levels, each containing two stages.

Stage	Erikson	Freud	Piaget	Kohlberg
Infancy (birth to 1 year)	Trust vs. mistrust	Oral	Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
Toddlerhood (1-3 years old)	Autonomy vs. same and doubt	Anal	Sensorimotor (1-2 years); preoperational (preconceptual) (2-4 years)	Preconventional
Preschool (3-6 years old)	Initiative vs. guilt	Phallic	Preoperational (preconceptual) (2-4 years); preoperational (intuitive) (4-7 years)	Preconventional
School Age (6-12 years)	Industry vs. inferiority	Latency	Concrete operations (7-11 years)	Conventional
Adolescence (12-18 years)	Identity vs. role diffusion (confusion)	Genital	Formal operations (11-15 years)	Postconventional

Source: Lippincott’s Review Series

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