Nursing Board Exam Reviewer Part 1 of 5

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41. Nondisjunction of a chromosome results in which of the following diagnoses?

a)      Down Syndrome
When a pair of chromosomes fails to separate completely and creates a sperm or oocyte that contains two copies of a particular chromosome (nondisjunction) Down syndrome results from three number 21 chromosomes.

b)      Huntingon Disease
Huntington disease is one example of a germ-line mutation.

c)      Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an inherited form of muscular dystrophy, is an example of a genetic caused by structural gene mutations.

d)      Marphan Syndrome
Marphan Syndrome is a genetic condition that may occur in a single family member as a result of spontaneous mutation.

42. Which type of Mendelian inherited condition results in both genders being affected equally in a vertical pattern?

a)      Automosomal dominant inheritance
An individual who has an autosomal dominant inherited condition carries a gene mutation for that condition on one chromosome of a pair.

b)      Automosomal recessive inheritance
The pattern of inheritance in autosomal recessive inherited conditions is different from that of autosomal dominant inherited conditions in that it is more horizontal than vertical, with relatives of a single generation tending to have the condition.

c)      X-linked inheritance
X-linked conditions may be inherited in families in recessive or dominant patterns. In both, the gene mutation is located on the X-chromosome. All males inherit an X chromosome from their mother with no counterpart; hence, all males express the gene mutation.

d)      Multifactorial genetic inheritance
Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, are examples of multifactorial genetic conditions. The majority of neural tube defects are caused by both genetic and environmental influences that combine during early embryonic development leading to incomplete closure of the neural tube.

43. A specific BRCA1 cancer-predisposing gene mutation seems to occur more frequently among women of which descent?

a)      Ashkanazi Jewish
Expression of the BRCA1 gene is an example of inheritance in the development of breast cancer.

b)      Mediterranean
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a common enzyme abnormality that affects millions of people throughout the world, especially those of Mediterranean, South East Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Near Eastern origin.

c)      African American
Sickle cell anemia is associated with the African-American population.

d)      Chinese and Japanese
Individuals of Chinese and Japanese descent who are rapid metabolizers of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase and who are prescribed the drug isoniazid (as part of treatment for tuberculosis) are at significantly increased risk for developing isoniazid-induced hepatitis.

44. Which of the following statements describes accurate information related to chronic illness?

a)      Most people with chronic conditions do not consider themselves sick or ill.
Although some people take on a sick role identity, most people with chronic conditions do not consider themselves sick or ill and try to live as normal a life as is possible.

b)      Most people with chronic conditions take on a sick role identity.
Research has demonstrated that some people with chronic conditions may take on a sick role identity, but they are not the majority.

c)      Chronic conditions do not result from injury.
Chronic conditions may be due to illness, genetic factors, or injury

d)      Most chronic conditions are easily controlled.
Many chronic conditions require therapeutic regimens to keep them under control.

45. In which phase of the trajectory model of chronic illness are the symptoms under control and managed?

a)      Stable
The stable phase indicates that the symptoms and disability are under control or managed.

b)      Acute
The acute phase is characterized by sudden onset of severe or unrelieved symptoms or complications that may necessitate hospitalization for their management.

c)      Comeback
The comeback phase is the period in the trajectory marked by recovery after an acute period.

d)      Downward
The downward phase occurs when symptoms worsen or the disability progresses despite attempts to control the course through proper management.

46. Which phase of the trajectory model of chronic illness is characterized by reactivation of the illness?

a)      Unstable
The unstable phase is characterized by development of complications or reactivation of the illness.

b)      Stable
The stable phase indicates that the symptoms and disability are under control or managed.

c)      Acute
The acute phase is characterized by sudden onset of severe or unrelieved symptoms or complications that may necessitate hospitalization for their management.

d)      Comeback
The comeback phase is the period in the trajectory marked by recovery after an acute period.

47. Which phase of the trajectory model of chronic illness is characterized by the gradual or rapid decline in the trajectory despite efforts to halt the disorder?

a)      Dying
The dying phase is characterized by stoppage of life-maintaining functions.

b)      Unstable
The unstable phase is characterized by development of complications or reactivation of the illness.

c)      Acute
The acute phase is characterized by sudden onset of severe or unrelieved symptoms or complications that may necessitate hospitalization for their management.

d)      Downward
The downward phase occurs when symptoms worsen or the disability progresses despite attempts to control the course through proper management.

48. In order to help prevent the development of an external rotation deformity of the hip in a patient who must remain in bed for any period of time, the most appropriate nursing action would be to use

a)      a trochanter roll extending from the crest of the ilium to the midthigh.
A trochanter roll, properly placed, provides resistance to the external rotation of the hip.

b)      pillows under the lower legs.
Pillows under the legs will not prevent the hips from rotating externally.

c)      a hip-abductor pillow.
A hip-abductor pillow is used for the patient after total hip replacement surgery.

d)      a footboard.
A footboard will not prevent the hips from rotating externally.

49. To prevent footdrop, the patient is positioned in:

a)      Order to keep the feet at right angles to the leg
When the patient is supine in bed, padded splints or protective boots are used.

b)      A semi-sitting position in bed
Semi-fowlers positioning is used to decrease the pressure of abdominal contents on the diaphragm.

c)      A sitting position with legs hanging off the side of the bed
In order to prevent footdrop, the feet must be supported.

d)      A side-lying position
Side-lying positions do not provide support to prevent footdrop.

50. Through which of the following activities does the patient learn to consciously contract excretory sphincters and control voiding cues?

a)      Biofeedback
Cognitively intact patients who have stress or urge incontinence may gain bladder control through biofeedback.

b)      Kegel exercises
Kegel exercises are pelvic floor exercises that strengthen the pubococcygeus muscle.

c)      Habit training
Habit training is used to try to keep the patient dry by strictly adhering to a toileting schedule and may be successful with stress, urge, or functional incontinence.

d)      Bladder training
Habit training is a type of bladder training.

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