Pathoyphysiology of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)
Preeclampsia is a characterized, by vsospasms, changes in the coagulation system, and disturbances in systems related to volume and BP control. Vasospasms results from an increased sensitivity to circulating pressors, such as angiotensin II, and possibly an imbalance between the prostaglandins prostacyclin and thromboxane A1.
Endothelial cell dysfunction, believed to result from decreased placental perfusion, [...]
Pathophysiology of Dementia
Primary Dementia
Primary dementias are degenerative disorders that are progressive, irreversible, and not due to any other condition. Specific disorders are dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT) and vascular dementia (formerly multi-infarct dementia). Dementia of Alzheimer’s type demonstrates progression of symptoms from the initial stage, which is characterized by mild cognitive deficits in the area [...]
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction
In Myocardial Infarction, inadequate coronary blood flow rapidly results in myocardial ischemia in the affected area. The location and extent of the infarct determine the effects on cardiac function. Ischemia depresses cardiac function and triggers autonomic nervous system responses that exacerbate the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Persistent ischemia results in tissue [...]
Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure
Right ventricular failure occurs when the right ventricle is unable to pump blood into the pulmonary circulation. Less blood is oxygenated and pressure increases in the right atrium and systemic venous circulation, which results in edema of the extremities.
Left ventricular failure occurs when the left ventricle in unable to pump blood into systemic circulation. [...]
Pathophysiology of AIDS/HIV
Human beings produce antibodies against specific infections.
When HIV infection takes place, anti-HIV antibodies are produced but they do not appear immediately. This is called the “window effect”.
In some cases, antibodies to HIV become detectable 4 to 6 weeks after infection.
When HIV is in circulation, it invades several types of cells – the lymphocytes, macrophages, the [...]
Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus
The primary site of CSF formation is believed to be the choroid plexusus of the lateral ventricles. CSF flows from the lateral ventricles through the foramen of Monro to the third ventricle, then through the aqueduct of Sylvius into the fourth ventricle through the foramen of Luschka and the midline foramen of Magendie into the [...]
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