Common Problems Among Elderly

Aging is a normal progressive process, beginning at conception and ending in death.  Aging is not synonymous with diseases but diseases become more common as age progresses. Usually the diseases present with non-specific multiple symptoms that involve many organs. Increasing age in the elderly is associated with the higher morbidity and frequent use of [...]

Common Discomforts of Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a time of both physical and emotional changes. Aside from the obvious changes in your body shape and the size of your uterus, shifts in hormonal levels and metabolism can contribute to various physical and emotional discomforts.
Although the pregnancy discomforts mentioned below are common, they are not experienced by all pregnant women [...]

Types of Anesthesia

Anesthesia, or anaesthesia has traditionally meant the condition of having sensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. The word was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. in 1846. Another definition is a “reversible lack of awareness”, [...]

Glossary of Key Terms in Pharmacology, Clinical Conditions, and Associated Signs and Symptoms

by: ishi21marie, RN

acute dystonia - extrapyramidal symptom manifested by abnormal posturing, grimacing, spastic torticollis (neck torsion), and oculogyric (eyeball movement) crisis.
adverse effect - unintended, unpredictable, and nontherapeutic response to drug action. Adverse effects occur at doses used therapeutically or for prophylaxis or diagnosis. They generally result from drug toxicity, idiosyncrasies, or hypersensitivity reactions caused [...]

Types of Surgery

Surgery is a medical technology consisting of a physical intervention on tissues. As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a patient’s tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as angioplasty or endoscopy, may be considered [...]

Newborn Reflexes

Reflexes are involuntary movements or actions. Some movements are spontaneous, occurring as part of the baby’s usual activity. Others are responses to certain actions. Reflexes help identify normal brain and nerve activity. Some reflexes occur only in specific periods of development.
Primitive reflexes are reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited [...]

Routine Urinalysis Normal Laboratory Study Values

A urinalysis is a group of manual and/or automated qualitative and semi-quantitative tests performed on a urine sample. A routine urinalysis usually includes the following tests: color, transparency, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrite, urobilinogen, and leukocyte esterase. Some laboratories include a microscopic examination of urinary sediment with all routine urinalysis tests. [...]

Complete Blood Count (CBC) Normal Laboratory Study Values

Definition:
A complete blood count (CBC) is a series of tests used to evaluate the composition and concentration of the cellular components of blood.
It measures the following:

The number of red blood cells (RBCs)
The number of white blood cells (WBCs)
The total amount of hemoglobin in the blood
The fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells [...]

Developmental Theories

Theorists consider that emotional, social, cognitive and moral skills develop in stages.

Psychosocial - Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is most widely used. At each stage, children confront a crisis that requires the integration of personal needs and skills with social and cultural expectations. Each stage has two possible components, favorable and unfavorable.
Psychosexual – Sigmund [...]

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Development of Moral Reasoning

Born:October 25, 1927
Birthplace: Bronxville, New York, United States
Died: January 19, 1987
Location of death: Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States
Nationality: American
Occupation: Psychologist, College Teacher

Level of Moral development

Stage of Reasoning

Approximate Age

Preconventional
“do’s and don’ts”
Stage 1: (Punishment and Obedience Orientation). Right is obedience to power and avoidance of punishment. (“I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished”).
Stage 2: [...]

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