Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney and upper urinary tract that usually results from noncontagious bacterial infection of the bladder (cystitis). It presents with dysuria (painful voiding of urine), abdominal pain (radiating to the back on the affected side) and tenderness of the bladder area and the side of the involved kidney (”renal angle [...]
Abruptio placenta is premature separation of the normally implanted placenta after the 20th week of pregnancy, typically with severe hemorrhage.
Two types of abruption placentae:
Concealed hemorrhage - the placenta separation centrally, and a large amount of blood is accumulated under the placenta.
External hemorrhage - the separation is along the placental margin, and blood flows under the [...]
Clubfoot or Talipes Equinovarus is a congenital anomaly in which the foot is plantar flexed at the ankle and subtalar joints, the hind foot is inverted, and the midfoot and forefoot are adducted and inverted. Contractures of the soft tissues maintain the malalignments. The exact cause of clubfoot is unknown, but genetic factors may include [...]
Hyperthyroidism is an over production of thyroid hormone, which creates far reaching metabolic effects. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland occur with increased vascularity. Most of the clinical manifestations result from increased metabolic rate, excessive heat production, increase neuro- muscular and cardiovascular activity, and hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. The condition is more [...]
Anemia is the reduction in red blood cells (erythrocytes) thus decreasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to the following (1) excessive blood loss (2) deficiencies and abnormalities of RBC production (3) Excessive destruction of RBC.
*Common Symptoms of Anemia
These symptoms appear in most types of anemia:
pale skin
dizziness
fatigue
headaches
irritability [...]
Preterm labor is defined as uterine contractions occurring after 20 weeks of gestation and before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Risk factors include multiple gestation, history of previous preterm labor of delivery, abdominal surgery during current pregnancy, uterine anomaly, history of cone biopsy, maternal age younger than 20 or older than age 35.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Low back [...]
Ectopic pregnancy is gestation located outside the uterine cavity. The fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Predisposing factors include adhesions of the tube , salpingitis, congenital and developmental anomalies of the fallopian tube, previous ectopic pregnancy, use of an intrauterine device for more than 2 years, multiple induced [...]
Preeclampsia is a common problem during pregnancy. The condition — sometimes referred to as pregnancy-induced hypertension — is defined by high blood pressure and excess protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Often, preeclampsia causes only modest increases in blood pressure. Left untreated, however, preeclampsia can lead to serious — even fatal — [...]
Placenta previa is the development of placenta in the lower uterine segment, partially or completely covering the internal cervical os. The cause is unknown, but a possible theory states that the embryo will implant in the lower uterine segment if the deciduas in the uterine fundus is not favorable. Complications are immediate hemorrhage, shock, and [...]
Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism characterized by elevated uric acid levels with deposition of urate crystals in joints and other tissues. High uric acid levels result from decreased excretion of uric acid ( 90% of cases) due to a wide variety of causes. The disorder may progress from an asymptomatic stage through [...]
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