Postpartum hemorrhage is defined as a loss of blood in the postpartum period of more than 500 mL. The average, spontaneous vaginal birth will typically have a 500 mL blood loss. In cesarean births the average blood loss rises to 800-1000 mL. There is a greater risk of hemorrhage in the first 24 hours after [...]
Hirschsprung’s disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon) is the congenital absence of or arrested development of parasympathetic ganglion cells in the intestinal wall, usually in the distal colon.
Signs and symptoms may vary with the severity of the condition. Sometimes they appear right after the baby is born. Other times they may not be apparent until the [...]
Neonatal sepsis is defined as a clinical syndrome of bacteremia (presence of bacteria in the blood)with systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first 4 weeks of life. When pathogenic bacteria gain access into the blood stream, they may cause overwhelming infection without much localization (septicemia) or may get predominantly localized to the [...]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient amounts of the hormone insulin and/or the body’s tissues become resistant to normal or even high levels of insulin. This causes high blood glucose (sugar) levels, which can lead to a number of complications if untreated.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic medical condition that requires [...]
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone. Type 1 diabetes mellitus can occur at any age and is characterized by the marked and progressive inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin because of autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. It commonly occurs [...]
Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a hump), in general terms, is a curvature of the upper spine. It can be either the result of bad posture or a structural anomaly in the spine. In the sense of a deformity, it is the pathological curving of the spine, where parts of the spinal column lose some or [...]
Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney and upper urinary tract that usually results from noncontagious bacterial infection of the bladder (cystitis). It presents with dysuria (painful voiding of urine), abdominal pain (radiating to the back on the affected side) and tenderness of the bladder area and the side of the involved kidney (”renal angle [...]
Abruptio placenta is premature separation of the normally implanted placenta after the 20th week of pregnancy, typically with severe hemorrhage.
Two types of abruption placentae:
Concealed hemorrhage - the placenta separation centrally, and a large amount of blood is accumulated under the placenta.
External hemorrhage - the separation is along the placental margin, and blood flows under the [...]
Clubfoot or Talipes Equinovarus is a congenital anomaly in which the foot is plantar flexed at the ankle and subtalar joints, the hind foot is inverted, and the midfoot and forefoot are adducted and inverted. Contractures of the soft tissues maintain the malalignments. The exact cause of clubfoot is unknown, but genetic factors may include [...]
Hyperthyroidism is an over production of thyroid hormone, which creates far reaching metabolic effects. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland occur with increased vascularity. Most of the clinical manifestations result from increased metabolic rate, excessive heat production, increase neuro- muscular and cardiovascular activity, and hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. The condition is more [...]
